Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1367 Words

Often people put their avaricious ambitions before their morals, which creates fear and leads to everlasting violence ultimately resulting in losing oneself to their own overwhelming madness. This is definitely the case of the character of Macbeth in William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. Macbeth experiences the loss of morality after his unchecked ambition took over. Additionally, Macbeth s fear of losing power initiated an endless amount of murder. Moreover, Macbeth s cruel actions lead him to suffer in an overwhelming guilt as darkness and madness dominated his existence. Shakespeare s use of blood illustrates Macbeth s deep desire for power over honor which initiates his fear of losing his own greedy ambition. After Duncan names†¦show more content†¦Especially, if one commits some atrocity, one will encourage other to do the same. Nevertheless, Macbeth murders Duncan in spite of his doubts, which demonstrates the superiority of Macbeth s avaricious ambitions over the importance of his own morals. Therefore, Macbeth s uncontrollable desire for power and the murder of King Duncan marks the beginning of his tragic downfall, leading to more bloodshed and madness. In addition, Macbeth s ambitions get the best of him as he sacrifices his own morals to achieve his goal of becoming a king. His own loss of humanness is proven as he stated: Come, seeling night, /Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day /And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond/ Which keeps me pale (3. 2. 48-50) Macbeth s fear of losing power dri ves him on planning to kill his own friend Banquo, after he realizes that Banquo can be a barrier between him and the crown to becoming a king of Scotland. Macbeth believes that if Banquo s blood is shed he does not have to worry about his fear of Banquo stealing the throne from him any longer. Therefore, through the representation of blood shows Macbeth s willingness of succeeding his desire for greatness that he chooses his ambition over honor by murdering Banquo. The murder of Banquo demonstrates Macbeth s acceptance of darkness and his inability to consider his conscience before committing a vile action. Moreover, Macbeth falls deeper into retaining his

Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth Free Essays

string(167) " the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density \(37,037 plants/ha\), it delayed the maturity\." Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ) var. Arka Garima K. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now RAVI KUMAR1 AND V. SUDHA VANI2 Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem-534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail : ravikuna4u@gmail. com ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem to study the effect of plant density and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima under irrigated conditions. The study revealed that the crop responded to plant densities as well as phosphorus levels. The biometric characters like number of primary branches per plant (8. 52), pod length (21. 31 cm), pod girth (12. 35 mm), number of pods per plant (37. 02), number of seeds per pod (16. 85), pod weight per plant (10. 93 g) and pod yield per plant (301. 85 g) were higher at lower density plants (37,037 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The growth and yield characters like plant height (52. 47 cm), TDM accumulation (3968. 04 kg/ha), days to flowering (34. 73 days), days to first picking (44. 8 days) and pod yield (152. 87 q//ha) were showed better expression in case of high density planting (74,074 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The interaction effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels were significant on plant height, total dry matter accumulation and days to flowering, pod length, pod weight per plant, and yield per plant and pod yield /ha. Key words: Growth, yield, plant densi ty, phosphorus level, vegetable cowpea Cowpea plays a substantial role by serving as a grain and vegetable crop mainly for the rural people in the East, West, South and Central parts of Africa (Mortimore et al. 1997). According to FAO (2007), cowpea is produced annually on 11. 2 mha ranking 3rd after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) with Africa taking the lead followed by Asia. It is extensively grown in South India particularly in the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Cowpea used at all stages of its growth including as a vegetable (Ofori and Stern, 1986). Vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima is a bushy type. Pods are thick, light green, long, round, stringless and highly fleshy. Yield potential of Arka Garima is 18 t/ha. The optimum plant population is an important parameter for increasing the crop productivity and provides the plant with the best environment to express its capacity fully under the given conditions. The optimum plant density with proper geometry and its planting varied with the agro-climatic conditions and growth habit of the plant. Generally, pulses require phosphorus for their growth and nitrogen fixation. It also enhances the nodulation and pod development consequently pod yield. If the phosphate availability from the soil is limited, the growth and nitrogen fixation are affected (Prasad and Sanoria, 1981). Phosphorus being an essential constituent of cellular proteins and nucleic acids, it encourages the meristematic activity in plants (Black, 1969) and adequate supply of nutrients which might have enhanced the metabolic activity and inturn plant growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem during kharif 2010. The experimental site had red sandy loam with pH 6. 9, EC of 0. 01 dS/m, 0. 34 % organic carbon with 712, 32. 5, 217. 5 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were twelve treatmental combinations comprised of three plant densities (37,037, 55,555 and 74,074 plants/ha) designated as D1, D2 and D3 and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) designated as P0, P1, P2 and P3. The seeds were treated with captan @ 3g/kg seeds before sowing against wilt. The Arka Garima seeds were dibbled on 29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm spacings. During the crop period, the total rainfall received was 419. 07 mm. The nitrogen @ 20 kg/ha, potassium @10 kg/ha and phosphorus as per the treatments were applied during the crop period. The metereological data recorded from planting date to harvest are presented below. Table 1: Monthly mean temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall during the growing season of cowpea (Sep-Nov) in 2010 at Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh. Month Mean temperature (? C) Mean Relative Rain fall (mm) humidity (%) _____________________________________________________________________ September 28. 99 77. 96 19. 3 October 28. 84 71. 86 46. 00 November 27. 33 75. 14 38. 60 _____________________________________________________________________ A sample of five plants was taken randomly from two central rows in each experimental plot at different intervals. The growth parameters like plant height, number of primary branches, dry matter accumulation, days to flowering and days to first picking were recorded. Similarly the yield and its attributes were recorded. For estimating total dry matter accumulation, each sample was first air dried and later oven dried at 60? C to constant weight. The sum of dry weights of all plant parts was taken as total dry matter accumulation per plant (g). The data was analyzed by the method of variance outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results revealed that the effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on vegetative growth performance and yield were significant. The plant height increased with increasing plant density and decreased number of primary branches per plant at all sampling occasions. Higher density produced tender and widely spread plants. Significant increase in plant height with high density (74,074 plants/ha) might be due to competition of solar energy coupled with shallow root system. Increased plant density limits the availability of space for plant and hence root configuration affecting the crop growth. Increased plant population increased plant height (Ahmed et al. 2010). The TDM accumulation was higher at a plant density of 74,074 plant/ha. The result might be attributed to optimum use of natural resources, higher uptake of nutrients and more number of plants per unit area. Beneficial effect of optimum density on total dry matter accumulation has also been reported by Dwivedi et al. (1994) in frenchbean. Though the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density (37,037 plants/ha), it delayed the maturity. You read "Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth" in category "Essay examples" Higher photosynthesis and higher amount of dry matter assimilation due to higher number of leaves and higher availability of nutrients led to vegetative growth at a longer period and as such the reproductive phase was delayed (Honma and Bert, 1977). The higher pod yield per plant at low plant density (37,037 plants/ha) could be attributed to the significant increase in pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight per plant. These values were significantly lower at higher density (74,074 plants/ha) due to increased competition among the plants for the space, light and nutrients. Increasing population decreased the number of pods per plant. This reduction may be attributed to the interference among branches. The findings are in accord with the previous results reported by Hamad (2004). The variations in number of pods per plant could be attributed to the variations in number of branches per plant. Hence lower plant densities resulted in maximum number of branches per plant and in turn was responsible for more number of fruiting points. Further, less competition for light, moisture and nutrients associated with wider spacing has an edge in producing more reproductive parts compared to high density plants. The plant growth, yield and its attributes were superior with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha. Increase in plant growth might be due to hastened meristematic activity, better root growth and better absorption of nutrients by increased application of P (Philip, 1993). The translocation of photosynthates by the action of P also showed an improvement in various growth parameters (Verma and Saxena, 1995). The infection of Rhizobium bacteria depends on their interception with the root hair. Under adequate phosphate application, nodulation increases due to high bacterial infection on account of properly developed rooting system and increased density of nodule bacteria (Srivastava and Varma, 1985). Increased nodulation implies greater symbiotic fixation of atmospheric N which also helps in cell division and root extension which might have resulted in vigorous plant growth. Similar results were reported by Joseph and Varma (1994) in chickpea. The phosphorus application @ 60 kg/ha showed a significant influence on days to flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to first picking. Influence of P in hastening maturity is well documented. Phosphorus imparts quicker vegetative growth to the plant and entering into the reproductive phase early. The same trend of higher levels of P was also noted by Philip (1993) in cowpea and Bahadur and Singh (1990) in garden pea. The increase in yield attributes might be a direct consequence of growth characters. Adequate supply of P is important in laying down the primordia for the reproductive parts of plants. It is also considered important in the formation of pods and seeds. Being a constituent of protoplasm, which may be responsible for increased length of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and inturn pod yield. These results are in conformity with the finding of Sundara et al. 2004) in pea. The interaction effect of application of 60 kg P2O5/ha and higher plant densities (74,074 plants/ha) produced higher pod yield along with rich protein content. The economic returns were more in case of high density as per the results obtained in the present experiment. It is also suggested that a plant density level D3 (74,074 plants/ha) and a phosphorus level of P3 (60 kg P2O5) was most p rofitable for the cultivation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima under irrigated conditions in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. REFERENCES Ahmed Naim, M. E. and Abdelrhim Jabereldar, A. 2010. Effect of plant density and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4: 3148-53. Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. 1990. Yield and growth response of garden pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Vegetable Science, 17 : 205-09. Black, C. A. 1969. Soil plant relationships (2nd Ed. ) John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, pp. 792. Dwivedi, D. K. , Singh, H. , Shahi, K. M. B. and Rai, J. N. 1994. Response of frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to population densities and nitrogen levels under mid-upland situation in north-east alluvial plains of Bihar. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 581-83. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2007. FAOSTAT http://faostat. fao. org/site/567/default. aspx#ancor. Hamad, M. S. 2004. Effect of planting density on the performance of three cultivars of cowpea. M. Sc. thesis submitted to University of Khartoum, Sudan. Honma, S. and Bert, J. 1977. Growing high density cauliflower. American Vegetable Grower, 25 : 40. Joseph, B. and Varma. 1994. Response of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to jalshakti incorporation and phosphorus and sulphur fertilization. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 312-14. Mortimore, M. J. , Singh, B. B. , Harris, F. and Blade, S. F. 1997. Cowpea in traditional cropping systems. Advances in Cowpea Research, 8: 99-113. Ofofi, F. and Stern, W. R. 1986. Maize/cowpea intercrops system: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and efficiency. Field Crop Research, 14: 247-61. Panse, V. G. and Sukhatame, P. V. 1985. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Philip, A. 1993. Phosphorus and molybdenum nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ). M. Sc. (Ag. ) Thesis submitted to the Kerala Agricultural University. Srivastava, S. N. L. and Varma, S. C. 1985. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and molybdenum fertilization on growth, nodulation and residual fertility in field pea. Indian J. Agric Res. , 19: 131-37. Sundara, T. H. , Vyakaranahal, B. S. , Shekhargoud, M. , Shishidhara, S. D. and Hosamani, R. M. 2004. Influence of phosphorus and micronutrients on seed yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L. ). Seed Research, 32: 214-16. Verma, V. S. and Saxena, K. K. 1995. Response of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in silty loam soil of central Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. , 40 : 67-71. Table 2 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on plant height, number of primary branches per plant and days to flowering of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Plant height (cm) (At 60 DAS)No. of primary branches (At 45 DAS)Days to flowering (Days) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D145. 6045. 93046. 6748. 8046. 758. 078. 538. 608. 878. 5236. 6736. 0036. 336. 4736. 57 D245. 4047. 4050. 0748. 4047. 828. 008. 338. 138. 338. 2035. 4735. 4035. 3335. 2735. 37 D349. 2052. 6752. 2055. 8052. 477. 477. 808. 078. 077. 8535. 0034. 8034. 6334. 4734. 73 Mean46. 7348. 6749. 6451. 007. 848. 228. 278. 4235. 7135. 4035. 5035. 40 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 110. 310. 060. 18 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 120. 360. 070. 20 D x P0. 230. 680. 21N. S0. 12NS Table 3 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on total dry matter accumulation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Total dry matter accumulation (30 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (60 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (90 DAS) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D1163. 50169. 03174. 85180. 38171. 941945. 661974. 371954. 932001. 671969. 16 3788. 403798. 773810. 643867. 503816. 33 D2172. 91187. 81189. 64197. 97187. 081965. 171970. 672016. 332014. 281991. 613874. 413885. 983986. 924096. 853961. 04 D3187. 95200. 96211. 37221. 33205. 401951. 191983. 812107. 322094. 432034. 193722. 813865. 744080. 084203. 513968. 04 Mean174. 79185. 93191. 96199. 891954. 001976. 282026. 192036. 793795. 13850. 173959. 214055. 95 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 591. 7210. 1029. 637. 6022. 30 Phosphorus level (P)0. 681. 9911. 6634. 218. 7825. 75 D x P1. 173. 4420. 2059. 2615. 2044. 60 Table 4 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpe a cv. Arka Garima. Pod length (cm)Pod girth (mm)No. of pods per plant Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D118. 4721. 8021. 8323. 1321. 3111. 8712. 0012. 2713. 2712. 3515. 1316. 4717. 4718. 3316. 5 D218. 5319. 4020. 6720. 5319. 7811. 3313. 1312. 5312. 0012. 2515. 1316. 0717. 0017. 6716. 47 D316. 8017. 1322. 3322. 2719. 6310. 9311. 2712. 0012. 0711. 5715. 1315. 3316. 0716. 9315. 87 Mean17. 6319. 4421. 6121. 9811. 3812. 1312. 2712. 4415. 1315. 9616. 8417. 64 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 220. 650. 120. 36 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 260. 750. 140. 42 D x P0. 230. 680. 44NS0. 25NS Table 5 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea How to cite Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth, Essay examples

Manageemnt Accouting The Knowledge Society

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations. Evaluate the main cost structures of organisations and methods of their calculation. Determine appropriate methods of calculating break-even, profitability and capital input costs. Answer: Introduction The businesses are growing up now days without having any geographical limitation and hence the number of the transaction and its complexity has been increased. In such a competitive environment it is very necessary that the management of the company can access the relevant data for different type of requirement at single request. Such real time access of information can help the management to take the informed decision in day to day business and also for taking some strategic decision. The below reports analyze the importance of the management accounting in VPM Fertilizer Inc , operating in manufacturing of Organic and inorganic chemical manufacturing. The management accounting helps to analyze data in a user requirement format and helps to control cost and management processes. Management Accounting Impotence and relevance It is to be noted that every organization record the transaction on regular basis of its economic transaction. However, it is very necessary that such data are presented and prepared in such a manner that helps the decision taker for taking informed decision. Management accounting helps in generating the periodic reports to different users as per their requirement based on the financial data inputted as source. Such reports can be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly. If we take example for the VMP Fertilizer Inc, the management accounting helps to generate reports for input output ratio for each batches processed for manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate chemical. Such reports are delivered to the Process manager after completion of each batch and are compared with standard input output ratio determines by the management. Same help to report any deviation in the input-output ratio. Following are the major benefit of the management accounting The data are kept in organized manner with real time access It helps the manager to take the timely and informed decision The decision taken on such data are generally accepted by the management The organization can have standard date across the department Helps inn controlling the cost by comparing the actual result by management report Vs. the budget expectation Also one need to note that there is a difference between the Management Accounting and Financial accounting which is sated below Management accountings main purpose is to support as a tool to take the informed decision within the organization , on other hand financial accountings main purpose is to report the end result for particular period The Management Accounting is generally implemented for the benefit within the organization and for management purpose , however the users of the financial data are both within the organization and outside the organization like stakeholders The reporting in the Management accounting are customized according to the management requires and hence it is flexible , on the other hand financial accounting reports are generally governed by the status or reporting laws, IFRS or GAAP Management accounting takes into consideration both past data as well as the future projection based on past data ,in the Financial accounting it represent only past data The Management accounting have varied type of users and hence each report have different format and different users , on the other hand the financial accounting reports remains uniform irrespective of the fact that I can have different users. (Fse.tibiscus, 2016), (Megha M, n.d.) In such competitive environment control over the cost is very necessary. The cost can be classified as Relevant cost, Behavior cost and function based cost. The discussion cost based on relevance Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is defined as cost arises due to not accepting second best alternative for decision making. The opportunity cost is very much important particularly in Capital Budgeting decision. For a example If the VMP Fertilizer Inc invest 1, 00,000 Pound in this business and the interest rate for deposited in banks is 4% , The interest revenue that can be arose by investing in 1,00,000 in bank can be consider as cost only. The cost is not actual cost but is very relevant for raking the investment decision. (Putra D.2016) Suck Cost Such cost is nothing but the cost which is incurred and on which the company does not have any control over it. Such cost is not relevant for taking any future investment decision. For an example the Pressure Vessel purchased by the VMP Fertilizer Inc as a fixed asset is consider as sunk cost only Differential Cost Differential cost is nothing but the difference of cost between two available courses of alternatives. It is to be noted that each alternative has different cost which can be low or high as compared to other alternative. Differential cost helps in considering the exact difference in cost that arises due to selection of particular alternative. For an example if the VMP Fertilizer wants to replace the existing pressure Vessel Machine than it will save the 1000 Pound of maintenance every year. Such saving of cost can be considered as incremental cost for opting exiting machine only. (Putra D.2016) Discussion of cost based on Behavior The cost can fix Variable or Semi variable Fixed costs are those cost which does not change according to change in level of activity. Such fixed cost is bound to be incurred whether any activity carried on by the business or no. For an example the Rent expense for Shed which is abide by the rent agreement for next 5 years. Such rent expense is considered as fixed cost. On other hand variable cost are those cost which varies with the change in level of activity, variable cost are very important to take any business decision. Variable cost does not incur, if the activity level of particular cost driver is zero. For an example the Raw material cost for manufacturing of the Calcium Carbonate can be consider as variable cost for the VMP Fertilizers Inc . As far as Semi variable cost is concern they are of mixed behavior. Such cost is remains fixed for certain level of activity, after that again same cost needs to be incurred to support the activity. For as example the Moulds purchased to preserve the chemical, need to be replaced after certain period of consumption as per user guidelines, such cost of consumables can be consider as a variable cost Classification of the cost by function The cost also can be classified based on the function. The product cost and period cost are the major cost based on functionality. Period cost Period cost is those cost which are incurred other than for manufacturing activity. The cost incurred to promote the product (Marketing cost), the cost of administration. Such cost are generally in nature of Overheads and not traceable for particular product among many. (Swanson L, n.d) Product cost Product costs are those cost which are incurred in the manufacturing of the product. Such cost can either be fixed or variable or Semi variable. The Direct Material cost, Direct Labor cost and manufacturing Overheads are the major product cost. Variance Analysis Variance analysis helps in comparing the actual results of the organization as against the budgeted activity. The variance analysis is considered as one of the major tool to charge control over cost and to take the appropriate action if result out below expected performance. Also it helps in identifying areas that play major roles for non achievement of the targeted profit. There are different types of variance which are discussed as below: Profit Variance The profit variance is nothing but the variance arises in the targeted profit. Such variance can be derived by comparing actual profit against the targeted profit. Sales Variance The Sales variance helps in identifying the variance in profit that arises due to variance in the sales. Such variance can be either due to variance in volume or sales price of the product Price variance = (Actual unit price x Actual Units sold) (Standard Unit price x Actual Units sold) The above formula helps in identifying the variation in the profit due to variation in the sales price of the Unit. The favorable outcome indicates that the organization has sold the unit above the targeted selling price. On the other hand the negative outcomes indicate that organization has gone for lower price. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Volume variance = (Actual Unit Sold Standard Profit) (Budgeted Units Sold x Standard Profit) The above variance helps in identifying the variance of profit arises due to the variance in the targeted sale volume. The favorable result indicates that the company has sold unit above the target and vice versa. Material Variance It is to be noted that for any organization material cost is one of the major cost of total production cost and hence the strong control over it necessary which can be derived by variance analysis only. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Material Price Variance = (Actual Price x Actual Quantity) (Standard Price Actual Quantity) The material price variances help in identifying the variance in the cost that arises due to variance in the price of purchasing the raw material. The Favorable result indicates that that the purchase manager has purchased the material below the target price and negative result indicates that manager has purchased material above the targeted purchase price. Material Usage Variance = (Actual quantity Standard price) (Standard Quantity x Standard price) The material usage variance helps in identifying the variance in the material cost that arises die to variance in the consumption unit of raw material for particular product. If the outcome is favorable that I indicate that the material is used efficiently and if negative result comes than it indicates that the process manager has failed to control the input output ration against the standard ratio compared by the organization. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Labor Variance The Labor cost is second most importance element of cost for manufacturing unit and hence it is very necessary that the actual cost is compared, analyzed and reported against the targeted the Labor cost. Rate Variance = (Actual Rate x Actual Hours) (Standard Rate x Actual Hours) It is to be noted that one of the reason for variance is labor cost is the variance in the labor rate against the targeted pay rate. The favorable result indicates that the rate has been paid lower against the targeted rate pay. In case of negative result, it can be said that the payment to labors are made higher than expected. Labour Efficiency Variance = (Actual hours x Standard Rate) (Standard hours x Standard Rate) The above variances help in identifying the variance in the labor cost due to variance in the targeted efficiency of the labor. If the outcome of the above formula is positive, It indicates that the labors have worked above the targeted efficiency level and vice versa. Overhead variance This variance helps in identifying the variance between the standard overhead as against the actual overhead expense. It helps in controlling and analyzing the operational efficiency and capacity utilization efficiency. Limitations The technique of variance analysis has certain limitation which is as follow: The variance analysis can efficiently be uses in manufacturing industry only It is not helpful in the production foe which no benchmark of standards is available The process of setting standard may be not correct in some case, and hence the whole variance analysis can lead to wrong result The variance analysis requires the management to keep up to date data of manufacturing, which is itself a challenging task. The manager can manipulate the budget to just make their performance better there by affecting the overall efficiency. Operational Budget Operational budget is nothing but projection of various budgets for definite time of span for various department of the organization. There are different types of operational budget which are described below: Profit Budget At this level of budget all the budgeted related to sales and expenditure are got consolidated and budgeted profit figures are arrived Production Budget This budget requires projecting the number of unit that need to be produce for particular period to meet the requirement of the sales. Purchase budget This budget requires projecting the amount of raw material to be purchased to produce the targeted production unit as determined in production budget. Here sales price and quantity both are determined Cash Budget This budget requires projecting the requirement of the case for different department for particular period. Direct Labor The direct labor budget requires the projection of the number of labor hours requires for different category of labor to support the production of the targeted unit Revenue Budget The revenue budget indicates the projected sales unit and projected sales price based on the market analysis. The revenue budget become base for all above budget. Importance The budget helps the manager in tracking and monitoring the cost and revenue and thereby help in optimizing the profit It gives the benchmarks to be followed by the different department which becomes the base for motivation for the employee It fixed the accountability and responsibility on employees for the particular budget or department It helps as controlling tool against the actual performance and hence producer the base control activity Recommendation Conclusion It is to be noted that management accounting is process of reporting budget analysis, variance analysis, cost analysis and many more. However on need to know that the whole management accounting process is nothing but analysis of the data in particular manner and hence it is recommended that the reliability of the source date ensured before carrying out any management accounting reporting. The support from top management requires having a correct result of the management accounting. The management accounting should form part of strategic decision as it helps as best controlling tool for organizational performance analysis. The VMP Fertizers Inc can implement Budget reporting, Cost component reporting and variance reporting in its management system which can help them in controlling different type of activity at different level. References Fse.tibiscus, 2016. Managerial Accounting Vs Financial Accounting In The Knowledge Society [online] Available at: https://fse.tibiscus.ro/anale/Lucrari2010/067.%20Ducu%20Corina.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Fabozzi, F. and Drake, P. 2009. Capital Markets, Financial Management and Investment Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons,p.244-279 Reilly,F. and Brown,K. 2012. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Texas: Reilly Brown,p.315-390 Sunarni C, 2016. Management Accounting Practices and the Role of Management Accountant: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies throughout Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [online] Available at: https://sibresearch.org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/riber_b13-243_616-626.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Megha M, n.d. Differences between Financial Accounting and Management accounting, [Online], Available at: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-financial-accounting-and-management-accounting.html, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] accountingexplained.com, n.d. Cost and Cost Classifications, [Online], Available at: https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/costs/, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] DeBenedetti J, 2016. Types of Costs in Management Accounting, [Online], Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-costs-management-accounting-80540.html,[Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Hunter R, 2010. Types of Costs in Managerial Accounting, [Online], Available at: https://www.brighthub.com/office/finance/articles/72933.aspx, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Swanson L, n.d. Managerial Accounting and Cost Classification, [Online], Available at:https://ww2.nscc.edu/swanson_l/ACCT1020/Presentations/Ch%2018%20Managerial%20Accounting.pdf, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Accounting-simplified.com, n.d. Variance Analysis, [Online], Available at, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Microbuspub.com,2016. Classification of Manufacturing Costs and Expenses, [online] Available at: https://www.microbuspub.com/pdfs/chapter4.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Ram,V and Bala,S. 2012. Strategic Financial Management. Chennai: Snow white prime knowledge series, p266-298. Putra D.2016. [online]. Cost Classifications [All Types] ,Available at: https://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/10/cost-classifications-all-types/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016].

The Concept of Mentorship Essay Example For Students

The Concept of Mentorship Essay In the following assignment the author will critically explore, discuss, reflect upon and evaluate mentorship within clinical nursing placements. With particular reference to learning disabilities and respite care, the author will look at the needs and benefits of mentorship, as well as the problems and constraints, especially being in such a specialised service. The author will explore the area of orientation, looking at why it is such an important aspect of the whole placement area. Once these aspects have been explored, the author will go on to discuss the placement, the problems that have been encountered throughout and the ways in which these can be addressed effectively, to ensure that they are reduced and expelled as much as possible. We will write a custom essay on The Concept of Mentorship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Any names and places used throughout the assignment have been changed to ensure anonymity and maintain confidentiality at all times, adhering to data protection. The concept of mentorship was originally introduced in the 1970s in America. It was fully embraced and bought over to the UK as a formal support system in the late 1980s (Learning Disability Practice, 2006, 9, 3, 16-18). At that time, nursing was predominately carried out by females. It was these females that identified the lack of, and need of a formal support system within the profession. The role of mentorship has been explored by many authors and theorists since the introduction of it into the nursing profession. In 1982, Zwolski stated that mentorship is seen as a broader, longer term relationship, aimed at guiding the student towards an established place in the profession. This was later backed up by Armitage and Burnard in 1991, arguing that a deeper understanding of the role and functions associated with a . .iable. (www.NursingTimes.net 2008) Under the NMC guidelines, standards to support learning and assessment (2006), all nurses must mentor at least 2 students every 3 years. However not all nurses have acquired the knowledge, skills and attributes required to be an effective mentor. (NMC 2006). The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) discovered that the main reason for a student to have an inadequate placement is the lack of access to mentors, due to sickness, annual leave or other reasons. This consequently leads to a lack of consistency when setting goals, reviewing progress and assessing learning objectives at the final interview (RCN). Other reasons include short staffing – leading to overstretched staff not having time for students, being left to learn for themselves, thus meaning students arent given the opportunities to learn and expand upon their experiences.

Travis Megan Homework7 Essay

Travis Megan Homework7 Essay Travis Megan Homework7 Essay Travis, Megan CIS102A 11 February 2015 Homework 7 Survey 1. What kind of precautions do you take when connecting to a wireless network of any kind outside your home? 2. Are you ever asked for payment information when using these services? 3. Are you aware of the dangers of connecting to a wireless network? 4. Do you know the difference between an ad hoc and a secure wireless connection? 5. When connected to these wireless networks, do you typically leave it in an always on state? Similarly, do you have any particular connection set to automatically connect within a specified range? 6. When experiencing technical difficulties of any kind, how do you fix them? 7. How much time do you usually spend while on these wireless networks? 8. Does anyone else use your computer on a wireless connection? 9. Have you ever experienced a malware threat such as the receiving of a Trojan virus while on a wireless network? 10. Do you ever access personal sensitive data while on a wireless connection or network? For example a bank account. Individual 1: D Other than using my computers firewall and antivirus, the only other precaution I take is to make sure I don’t use my credit/debit card information on any website I visit. Occasionally, I am asked for payment. But when that happens I usually just ignore it. I am aware that connecting to a wireless network does carry a bit of risk such as identity theft as your personal information is out there once connected. I do not know that difference between an ad hoc or a secure wireless connection. Typically I do leave it always on, as I like having the ability to go right back to what I am doing without interference. And for all my connections that I connect to, most of them always connect within range. I usually go to a computer technician or help desk person whenever I run into any problems. Depending on the work I am doing I spend about 5 to 7 hours a day on wireless networks. I have a roommate that I sometimes let borrow my computer. I have never received a Trojan virus that I know of through a wireless network. I have not accessed to the point a bank account, but I do check my email which I have a paypal account linked to. Individual 2: A There are several precautions that I take to make sure that I don’t compromise myself while on the web. For instance, I do not use any public network to do anything of a personal nature like email or purchases. I also make sure that my internet is all up to date before I access a wireless network. I never been asked for payment on a wireless connection that I used. I am very aware of the dangers with wireless networks, for instance hackers which are constantly looking for loop holes in public wi-fi hotspots. Somewhat, as ad hocs are more like peer to peer networks while a secure wireless connection centrally based in one location and therefore secure. Typically, I will disconnect from a service after I no longer need an internet connection. And I do not have my wireless connection set to automatically connect, quite the opposite as when traveling for work or whatever I set my electronic devices to airplane mode so that they do not connect until I am ready for them to. I usually take the issue to a technical service personnel as I would not want to do anything further to compromise the computer. I usually spend about 4 hours a day on wireless networks, but it can be more depending on what I am doing. No, I do not let anyone else access my computing equipment while on public wireless connections. Usually not, but I have noticed the occasional pop-up which says my computer isn’t secure and I should buy their software to secure my computer. No, I do not access sensitive data while on public wi-fi of any kind. Individual 3: C I usually try to make sure that I am sufficiently protected by my computers security tools while on public wi-fi. Never have been asked for payment of any kind, I do though share my computer with my sister so from that point

Definition of Idiographic and Nomothetic

Definition of Idiographic and Nomothetic Idiographic and nomothetic methods represent two different approaches to understanding social life. An idiographic method focuses on individual cases or events. Ethnographers, for example, observe the minute details of everyday life to construct an overall portrait of a specific group of people or community. A nomothetic method, on the other hand, seeks to produce general statements that account for larger social patterns, which form the context of single events, individual behaviors, and experience. Sociologists who practice nomothetic research are likely to work with large survey data sets or other forms of statistical data, and to conduct quantitative statistical analysis as their method of study. Key Takeaways: Idiographic and Nomothetic Research The nomothetic approach involves trying to make generalizations about the world and understand large-scale social patterns.The idiographic approach involves trying to uncover a great deal of detailed information about a narrower subject of study.Sociologists can combine both idiographic and nomothetic approaches in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of society. Historical Background Nineteenth century German philosopher Wilhelm Windelband, a neo-Kantian, introduced these terms and defined their distinctions.  Windelband used nomothetic to describe an approach to producing knowledge that seeks to make large-scale generalizations. This approach is common in the natural sciences, and is considered by many to be the true paradigm and goal of the scientific approach. With a nomothetic approach, one conducts careful and systemic observation and experimentation in order to derive results that can be applied more broadly outside the realm of study. We might think of them as scientific laws, or general truths that have come from social science research. In fact, we can see this approach present in the work of early German sociologist Max Weber, who wrote about the processes of creating ideal types and concepts meant to serve as general rules. On the other hand, an idiographic approach is one that is specifically focused on a particular case, place, or phenomenon. This approach is designed to derive meanings particular to the research target, and it is not necessarily designed for extrapolating generalizations. Application in Sociology Sociology is a discipline that bridges and combines these two approaches, which is akin to  the disciplines important micro/macro distinction. Sociologists study the relationships between people and society, both at the micro and macro level. People and their everyday interactions and experiences make up the micro. The macro consists of the larger patterns, trends, and social structures that make up society. In this sense, the idiographic approach often focuses on the micro, while the nomothetic approach is used to understand the macro. Methodologically speaking, this means that these two different approaches to conducting social science research also often fall along the qualitative/quantitative divide. One would typically use qualitative methods like ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and focus groups to conduct idiographic research. Quantitative methods such as large-scale surveys and statistical analysis of demographic or historical data would be used to conduct nomothetic research. However, many sociologists believe that the best research will combine both nomothetic and idiographic approaches, as well as both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Doing so is effective because it allows for a deep understanding of how large-scale social forces, trends, and problems influence the everyday lives of individual people. For example, if one wanted to develop a robust understanding of the many and varied effects of racism  on Black people, one would be wise to take a nomothetic approach to studying the prevalence of police killings and the health impacts of structural inequalities, among other things that can be quantified and measured in large number. But one would also be wise to conduct ethnography and interviews to understand the experiential realities and effects of living in a racist society, from the standpoint of those who experience it. Similarly, if one were conducting a sociological study of gender bias, one could combine both nomothetic and idiographic approaches. A nomothetic approach could include gathering statistics, such as the number of women in political office or data on the gender pay gap. However, researchers would be wise to also talk to women (for example, through interviews or focus groups) about their own experiences with sexism and discrimination. In other words, by combining statistics with information about the lived experiences of individuals, sociologists can develop a more comprehensive understanding of topics such as racism and sexism. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Women in the US Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Women in the US Military - Research Paper Example Women brought water to the soldiers, provided the soldiers with food and clothes, and also served as nurses, roles that were considered auxiliary (Simon 154). These services that they played were not formally included in the list of roles for the uniformed personnel. However, women were not formally included in the military but, continued to play these roles up in anticipation of the phase of the Civil War or during the 20th Century. Ever since, women have assumed powerful positions in the defense system of America, and currently a good number of them play crucial roles in the Army operations and seem to be more dedicated and willing to share in the great sacrifice of protecting the nation. In this essay, I have sought to exemplify the historical contribution of women in the US military, as well as the roles women have played in the US Military. This shall be through the analysis of the concept based on various dynamic sub-titles (Zeigler & Gregory 145). Women as nurses in military D uring the Spanish-American war conducted in 1898, thousands of American soldiers had yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria (â€Å"Highlights in the†).... Among the requirements for the inclusion of women into the army in the earliest times was that they were required to masquerade themselves as men, and use aliases of men’s names in order to be enlisted in the Army, especially at around the period of World War I. For instance, about 12,000 women were enlisted in this war with the numbers increasing to about 350,000 women in the World War II. However, in these two wars the women mostly played the roles of nursing by attending to the wounded soldiers. This they achieved by serving in organizations like the American Red Cross Society and the United Services Organizations (Strebe 89). Deployment of women in the combat zone The number of American women that participated in the First World War was over 35000 (â€Å"Early Women Soldiers†). As a result of war, American military forces saw a shortage of male recruits. That was when the US Navy and Marine Corps actively solicited women to serve in the combat troops in an attempt t o fill up the gap. Thousands of women applied for positions as Marine Corps Yeoman whereas the call of Navy to become Yeomanettes was responded to by over 11,000 women (â€Å"Early Women Soldiers†). In 2013, long-stayed ban on the inclusion of women in the combat positions was lifted. The lifting of this prohibition can be accredited to the fact that women today are an integral part of the US military and have been showing their interest in undertaking physically demanding roles in military as tough as performance in the combat zone. Women in the American army have found themselves increasingly in the combat’s reality during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"It's clear to all of us that women are contributing in

Golden Palace Hotel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Golden Palace Hotel - Case Study Example 2. Human resources management. Golden Palace Hotel is understaffed during high seasons and some departments / areas (reception in particular) require full-time as well as well-trained and experienced staff. In present circumstances, Mr. Jones and Mr. De Souza are particularly interested in external business factors (more likely to impact Golden Hotel Palace directly) assessment of which authors' findings and recommendations are based. Given clients' particular request of an assessment of external business environment's implications for Golden Palace Hotel, current report mainly scans Golden Palace's market positioning considering political, social and cultural givens. Given Golden Palace Hotel's location on Fulham Road - a 3-minute walk from South Kensington underground station, a major asset in terms of accessibility (Department for transport 2009) - Golden Palace Hotel enjoys a strategic market location, one well situated close to London's most promising business and shopping hubs. This is particularly convenient for hotel's customers, typically business men and women, whose busy schedules limit mobility options. Additionally, Fulham Road's serene culture (Streetsensation n.d.) makes Golden Palace Hotel especially well suited for a businessperson's hectic schedule during evenings and particularly for attractions and entertainments in surrounding area (e.g. Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Kensington museums, Harrods and Harvey Nichols). Golden Palace Hotel's plan of facility expansion and additional amnesties for current and potential customers is both a sound and forward-looking business strategy. Given unprecedented falling property prices (Stevenson 2009) as a result of current economic and financial global crisis, Golden Palace Hotel has a major opportunity in investing in asset values. Further, planned gyms and swimming pools cater particularly to a growing influx of young Chinese and American visitors. The antique and collectible allure of Fulham Road is, moreover, a viable future opportunity for market segment expansion into one, basically young American and Chinese visitors, who both seek 'safe areas' for stay and 'valuable gifts' to take back home. Considering investment in hotel's IT infrastructure and online business strategy, Golden Palace Hotel lags a long way behind given current practices in hospitality business world over (AllBuisness 2001), let

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay (a) How does James think of my intending to say something? Does he think of it as a process in consciousness? James argues that our phrasing â€Å"intended to say† is an almost wrong explanation on a subconscious or even psychic thing that it happening within our minds.   The point is that we never consciously form the words in our minds or even draw upon our memory banks to call to mind images of the thing that we mean to say. Instead, it is an unconscious function of the mind that we hear something and choose to respond to it with some form of language. In the event that the language we choose is wrong, we often react with the phrase. â€Å"What I meant to say was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  James argues that this happens when the precognition of our own mind fails to work rapidly enough to anticipate the reaction of the person we are speaking to and choose the proper words to convey to a thought stream to that specific person. On the most basic level, it means that our minds did not act quickly enough to substitute the proper word into a sentence. For example, imagine talking to your best friend about her sister. The intended sentence would be, â€Å"How’s she doing?† As the speaker you would not have planned out the conversation or thought specifically about what to ask, but when you speak and say, â€Å"How’s he doing?† the immediate response is to say, ‘I meant she. How’s she doing?’ there is never a point at which the conscious mind stops and chooses the words to use. This might therefore make an interesting discussion for linguists and psychologists to determine how speech actually happens. James argues that it is a subconscious thing, which implies then that speech is a learned ability you can train the subconscious mind. Take for example learning to speak another language fluently.   Teachers argue that you cannot speak another language fluently until you can think in that language. The premise is basically the same as what James has argues. If you are completely fluent in the language and someone asks,   â€Å"Que es el nombre del gato?† You will be responding with the cat’s name before the image of the cat is even called to mind. If you are less than fluent, you will need to translate the question before you can answer, thus moving the response from the subconscious speech centers to the conscious mind. [(b) Can the arguments Wittgenstein employs against the idea that understanding words is a conscious process be adapted to show that intending or meaning to say words is not a conscious process that begins before I say them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wittgenstein argues that the meaning of a word is defined as we use it, not by some memory flash card system begun when we are children.   This then would explain in English the tendency to crease euphemisms and phrases which cannot be translated literally based on the presumed meaning of the individual world. To use his argument, if language were a conscious thing, human speech patterns would always be precise and would never relay on simile, metaphor or any other form of literary device. Instead, in essence, he is arguing that because language to create imagery that is not a specific reflection of the exact meaning of what is said, it is a subconscious action. Likewise then, if the use of language is subconscious and not dependent on a specific meaning when a word is chosen, Wittgenstein’s argument can easily be developed to explain that the use of words or even the development of an answer is not necessarily a conscious thing. Think of it as a sort of language autopilot. Our subconscious mind understands what is being discussed and how to respond to it before the conscious mind has a chance to understand the nature of the question. Therefore, the subconscious mind can formulate a response and begin it before the conscious mind starts to speak. In the event that the conscious mind disrupts the process and inserts its own words, the subconscious mind can send it a message that says, ‘What I meant to say was†¦.† c) James claims that intending to say something is or provides an anticipation or premonition (=knowledge in advance) of the words I will say or think. Do Wittgenstein’s remarks in section. 187-192 show that James is laboring under some misunderstanding about this? Explain. Wittgenstein’s remarks indicate that James is misunderstanding the functioning of the mind by calling the natural process of communication between the conscious and subconscious premonition. He would argue that the act of speech is a sort of subconscious act, with only specific forms of speech coming from the conscious mind. If both parts of the mind are working in proper harmony, the subconscious can formulate and plan a response long before the conscious mind can even think about it. However, this is not a self-premonition or anything as supernatural as James might be implying. Instead, it is a factor of the understanding of the human brain and how it works. Since the body cannot, by definition, understand the workings of the subconscious, we simply must accept that these incidences occur when the subconscious works more rapidly than the conscious mind.   Wittgenstein argues that this is not a premonition, but simply evidence that the mind works much faster than we appreciate. 2.) P. F. Strawson writes: States or experiences†¦owe their identity as particulars to the identity of the person whose states and experiences they are. From this it follows immediately that if they can be identified as particular states and experiences at all, they must be possessed†¦in such a way that it is logically impossible that a particular state or experience in fact possessed by someone should have been possessed by anyone else. The requirements of identity rule out logical transferability of ownership. [Individuals, p. 97] (a) Briefly describe Wittgenstein’s treatment of the idea that â€Å"another person can’t have my pains† in Philosophical Investigations Section 253. (Describe the aims and strategy of his remarks.)[ Wittgenstein disagrees with Strawson, with a tongue-in-cheek sarcasm to illustrate that in the event of Siamese twins, two people could share the exact same pain. Ultimately, though his goal is to demonstrate that identity is not as important to the identification of pain as far as location and intensity. Whether a person has the exact same headache that you are having is not nearly as relevant as the fact that they have had a headache in the past and can therefore commiserate with the pain that you are feeling.   In essence, he is arguing that the sameness of the pain is also irrelevant. When discussing the human condition, it is more important to draw parallels between like circumstances than to throw up semi-rational boundaries such as the identifiers that Strawson used. While it may technically, maybe, be impossible for more than one other person to feel the exact same pain that you are feeling, in the human nature of inexact speech we often use the phrase â€Å"same pain† to indicate that we have been in similar circumstances. Drawing unnecessary barriers by pointing out that our individuality will affect the way that we feel pain does nothing to promote a greater understanding of pain, the nature of the individual, the nature of empathy or the human condition. If Strawson were attempting to define the uniqueness of the individual, his commentary might have been relevant, but in a discussion about the nature of pain, it is divisive and irrelevant. The point is to discuss the sameness of the human condition in that while we may have different understandings of pain, we can interrelate via the concept of pain. For example, two women with menstrual cramps may not be experiencing the same intensity of pain or even the same location, but they can relate based on the similar circumstance. (b) Do observations like those in his PhilosophicalRemarks *2 account for all the ways we use the expression (same) pain?] Wittgenstein’s examples via Philosophical Remarks perhaps do not go far enough in disavowing Strawson’s claims, but he does make a good start. By arguing that the criteria of identifying the sameness of pain involves location and intensity as criteria rather than identity of the person feeling the pain, Wittgenstein effectively argues that Strawson’s claim is false. What he fails to discuss are the non-physical sources of pain and whether they can be the same pain or if Strawson is closer to the mark when using inaccurate language to describe emotional trauma. But here too, if Wittgenstein had desired, he could argue that Strawson’s claim is fundamentally flawed. Again, we go first to the example of identical twins that are raised together. Though there might be some differences in their emotional makeup, for the most part, they are going to feel emotional pain in the same way. But even if we forgo the genetic aspect ad simply discuss emotion as an end result of experience, it seems ludicrous to assume that each of the six billion people on the planet will have experienced life in a completely unique way and will therefore never have the same pain as another person. (c) Push Wittgenstein’s investigation one step further. We say things like this: â€Å"I had two bad headaches today: one in the morning and one in the afternoon†. What are â€Å"criteria† for sameness and difference in such cases? The primary criteria for sameness and difference in this case would be the location of the headache and its intensity. For example, a tension headache might begin at the base of the spine and radiate upward, a sinus headache might begin just below the eyes and a migraine might be a throbbing in the temples. Each can be described as a bad headache depending on the severity and each is unique in its location. However, often people who are prone to headaches will have them in the same location and are given to saying, â€Å"I had that same headache again† to indicate to the listeners that this is a recurring problem in the same location with the same intensity. When language is used precisely, this is an inexact statement, but if the primary purpose of language is to convey meaning to the listener, this can be a much simpler way of saying â€Å"I have a headache again in the same spot as I did yesterday and it hurts the same amount.† Much like with the other discussion, Wittgenstein seems to be challenging his fellow philosophers regarding their choice and use of the language. Because the language itself is inexact, making a claim simply based on the language usage is invalid. (d) Do these cases vindicate Strawson? I do not believe these issues vindicate Strawson at all. It appears that he was doing exact what Wittgenstein was trying to warn against: he was using an imprecise example of language to erect a barrier to human empathy that need not exist. Generally speaking, when a person uses the phrases, â€Å"I feel your pain† it is to indicate that I have been in a similar circumstance and have felt pain because of it. As such, I can empathize with your pain. However, people simply do not talk that way and to expect them to do so is illogical. Therefore, Wittgenstein rebukes Strawson, fairly gently, trying to make him understand that the same is not always the same.   It makes perfect sense when you consider the propensity in English to use the phrase â€Å"exactly the same†. Though sameness implies that two things are alike, we have learned to differentiate between things that are similar and thus the same in casual conversation and things that are identical.

Essay --

Imagine having to work a 100 hour work week as a slave, being so desperate for food that you eat snakes, rats, and human corpses to stay alive, and being forced to witness public executions of your closest family members. This is the reality for the 176,000 political and associative prisoners living in North Korean prisons with no rights, no trial, and no reason. The world will have to regard the human rights abuses in North Korean as an important issue if we wish to stop the torture, murder, and starvation that it enforces on its people. Recognition for our need for basic human rights is required to understand how North Korea deprives its people from the choices we as citizens of the USA take for granted. The United Nation’s office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights says that â€Å"human rights are rights inherent to all human beings†. These rights include the rights to life, liberty, property, movement, expression, and security. The United States has different rights engrained in its Bill of Rights, like the right to a speedy trial, freedom from harboring soldiers, and the freedom to a militia. North Korea has had its prisons for more than 5 decades, and its background goes back to the Korean War, when they stored their Prisoners of War and the members of the opposition in the camps. They have continued to today, despite the fact that the North Korean government denies their existence. Those on the outside mainly get their information from prison escapees and satellite imagery, and by these testimonies we can only make educated guesses on the population, location, and size of the camps. Shin Dong-hyuk has helped the rest of the world understand what prison life was like, for his story is haunting. He was born in a prison camp... ...t? Indeed, one of the biggest pitfalls that we as people have subsided from is publicizing the rejection of rights from the North Korean peoples, and we have forgotten that we can get out the word to top diplomatic officials on how and when we wish to combat the violations. Spreading the word is one of the most helpful things you can currently do to, as you, as an American, have the right to democracy and the people’s choice in matters, a right that North Korean citizens have been blatantly denied. Get educated on these matters through books, websites and documentaries, then go spread the information you have been given. As support for the prisoners grows, so will support for the human race as a whole, it will be only then that the issue of North Korea’s concentration camps will be brought to the diplomatic table for and by the people wherever they shall reside.

Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay

The exquisiteness of the material and the sophistication of the carving indicate that it was created by the exclusive guild of royal ivory carvers for the king. This exquisite piece is made out of ivory, iron and cooper. This piece also contains pieces of inlaid metal and elaborate coral carvings. The piece dimensions are as followed; H. 9 3/8 x W. 5 x D. 3 1/4 in. (23. 8 x 12. 7 x 8. 3 cm). The mask is a sensitive human idealized portrait, depicting its subject with softly modeled features. This piece is framed with an elegant tiara-like coiffure and openwork collar. The pupils were inlaid with iron metal, the forehead has carved scarification marks and also she is wearing bands of coral beads below the chin. In the necklace you can see miniature motifs that represent heads of the Portuguese soldiers depicted with beards and flowing hair. In the crown tiara-like coiffure are carved more Portuguese heads alternated with figures of stylized mudfish, which symbolizes Olokun, the Lord of the Great Waters. You can see that some of the necklace portion is damage or missing and this could be due to the age and fragility of the coral. This piece is from early African art also known as â€Å"Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba†. Today, you can find this piece at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Although images of women are very rare this piece has come to symbolize the legacy of a dynasty that continues to the present day. In many of the African cultures the head is a very important, powerful and symbolic piece. The head was consider to be the symbolic center of a person’s intelligence, wisdom, and ability to succeed in this world and/or to be a tool to be able to communicate with spiritual forces in the ancestral world. In Art of History, published in 2011, both Professor Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren claim that â€Å"one of the honorifics used for the king is the â€Å"Great Head†. The head leads the body as the king leads the people. All of the memorial heads include representation of coral-beaded caps, necklaces and royal costume. Coral, enclosing the head and displayed on the body, is still the ultimate symbol of the oba’s power and authority. † In an article titled â€Å"Iyoba Idia: The Hidden Oba Of Benin† published in 2006, issue 9 of Jenda: A Journal Of Culture And African Women Studies – Nkiru Nzegwu wrote â€Å"Iron and copper inserts were embedded in these cavities in the original model and formed part of the decoration. Some have claimed that these cavities were receptacles for embedded magical potions, and there is a historical explanation for them. The striations were the result of incisions a local doctor-diviner made to disfigure Idia and render her unattractive to Oba Ozolua. As narrated by the present Oba Erediauwa, Idia’s parents did not wish her to become an Oba’s wife, and the oracle they consulted advised that they mar her beauty to make her ugly to the Oba (Kaplan 1993, 59). The two incisions not only scarred her face but, to make assurance double sure, they also contained potent medicinal potions which the consulting physician-diviner had assured them would repel Oba Ozolua. The royal explanation is that the plan failed because the Oba sensed that something was wrong before he even saw Idia and quickly neutralized the effects of the medicine. † This is a pendant or ornament mask that represents an iyoba (queen mother-the oba’s mother), the senior female member of the royal court. It’s believed that this piece was produced in the early sixteenth century for the King or â€Å"Oba† Esigie, the king of Benin, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. This piece is to honor his mother, Idia. There are different versions of the purpose of this piece. The most common ones is that this was used a as belt ornament and it was worn at the oba’s hip. The Oba may have worn it at rites commemorating his mother, although today such pendants are worn at annual ceremonies of spiritual renewal and purification. Esigie had the support of Ida and the Portuguese soldiers in the expansion of his kingdom. Ida is remembered for raising an army and using magical powers to help her son Esigie to defeat his enemies.

Intercultural Experience

To complete this assignment I went to a cultural festival in downtown Louisville called the trolley hop. At the trolley hop there were many different cultures and cultural foods. At the trolley hop there is a â€Å"flea off market† where you can visit many different booths that are set up and visit the many different food trucks with food from different cultures. There was also a concert going on with a Hispanic music group. Another thing you can do at the trolley hop is visit the many different art galleries on market street.At the trolley hop you can interact with people from many different cultures such as black, Asian, Hispanic, and Caucasian. The purpose of the Trolley hop is to help different cultures interact with each other and share a common medium which in this case is art. At the trolley hop you can see how the different cultures perceive things differently. For example one culture may see the passion and meaning in a piece of art whereas another culture may see the piece of art as meaningless.Another example is in America if we were to see a painting with nudity we would perceive it as inappropriate whereas in most European countries nudity in art isn't perceived as inappropriate but more as a norm in their culture. I interviewed a Hispanic woman, I met at the trolley hop, about her culture and how its different from the other cultures in America. I first asked her how about the different languages in her culture, she said, that most people in her culture speak Spanish but there is no national language of Mexico.I then asked her what religions are a part of her culture and she said, most Mexicans identify themselves as Catholics but there is also some protestants, Muslims, and Jews. After talking to her about the religions in her culture I asked her if she could tell me about what they value in her culture, she told me of how they have high value on family and how Hispanic families are usually large. She said that Hispanic families also love hosting parties and how their homes play a large part in Hispanic life.I also learned that Hispanic families are usually quite traditional in the way that the father is the authority figure and the women work in the home. I also asked her about the music in her culture and she said that the most common type of music in her culture is a style of folk music called Mariachi. For my final question I asked her what different holidays are celebrated in her culture and she replied by telling me of how they celebrate â€Å"The feast of our lady Guadalupe † which is celebrated on December 12th.She said that it is a major holiday in Hispanic culture, and it is celebrating the appearance of Virgin Mary. They also celebrate a their independence day on September 16th which was when they got there independence from Spain. There are many differences between the Hispanic culture and the American culture. The differences between the language spoken in the American culture and Hispanic culture is in the American culture the most spoken language is English while in the Hispanic culture the most spoken language is Spanish otherwise known to those of the culture as Espanol Mexicano, meaning Mexican Spanish.When it comes to values there are some differences between the Hispanic culture and the American culture, the differences are in American culture Americans give a lot of importance to their profession rather than their family. And in the American culture children are brought up to be more independent with less guidance from their parents. While in the Hispanic culture, Family comes first always and their profession comes second. In the Hispanic culture men work to earn money and women take care of the home and household chores.Children are not brought up to be independent in Hispanic families and instead are brought up with a lot of care and guidance from their parents. Some other differences between the American and Hispanic culture are the difference between religion in the Hispanic and American cultures is in the Hispanic culture most people are Catholics. And religion plays a very strong role in Hispanic lives. And all Hispanic festivals are centered around religion.In the American culture every citizen has equal rights to follow the religion they would like to follow. Most people in the American culture are Christians or roman Catholics. The difference between the music in the Hispanic and American cultures are in the Hispanic culture they mainly have Mariachi style which is a variety of folk music. While in the American Culture some popular genres include pop, jazz, country, and rap. And the American music industry is the largest in the world.Some similarities between the American and Hispanic culture are In the American culture religion is a everyday part of American life while in the Hispanic culture religion is also a part ion everyday Hispanic lives. Another similarity between the American and Hispanic culture is when it comes to cuisine i n the American culture it depends on your standard of living and what region you live in on what type of food you eat. This is similar to the Hispanic culture because the type of cuisine you eat depends on your standard of living and what part of Mexico you were brought up in.The similarities in holidays celebrated in the Hispanic and American culture are in the Hispanic culture they celebrate a holiday called â€Å"The Feast of Our Lady Guadalupe† which celebrates the appearance of Virgin Mary. In the American culture a similar holiday is celebrated called â€Å"Christmas† which is celebrating the birth of Christ. When it comes to Hofstede's cultural values there are many similarities and differences between the Hispanic and American culture.A difference between the Hispanic and American culture is that the Hispanic culture is more of an collectivistic culture meaning that they place a greater emphasis on family and loyalty to their family then on the needs of the ind ividual. While the American culture is more of an individualistic culture meaning they place more emphasis on individuality and responsibility for oneself rather than family. A similarity between the Hispanic and American culture is that both cultures are low context cultures meaning that people are expected to be direct and say what they mean .And both cultures value expressing yourself. Another similarity between the American and Hispanic culture is they are both High-Power distance cultures meaning they both have power concentrated in a few people such as a political party. For example America has a President and so does Mexico. Both Hispanic and American cultures are also Masculine cultures meaning that people tend to value traditionally masculine values such as ambition, and achievement. But according to Hofstadter's research, The American Culture values masculine values but not as strongly as the Hispanic culture.When it comes to time, American Culture is a Monochronic culture meaning people of the american culture treat time as a commodity. And believe in saving time,investing time, spending time, filling time, and wasting time. While the Hispanic culture is a polychronic culture meaning they perceive time as more fluid and less structured. Instead of treating time as a commodity that must be managed properly to avoid being wasted, they perceive time more like a never ending river flowing into the future.My reaction to what I heard, saw, and experienced is I never really thought about the differences between cultures. And this experience made me realize how different we all really are. And that depending on what culture we are from makes us the people we are. I learned that in the Hispanic culture they value family more over their profession while in American culture we are more about our professions then giving our attention to our family. I enjoy learning about other cultures and learning how they are different from the American culture I was brought up in.

Indians Immigrating To America Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Indians Immigrating To America Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Indians Immigrating To America Their homeland has the second largest population in the world, yet in America they form one of our smallest minorities. Americans were influenced by their beliefs long before the first immigrants arrived, and an important interchange of ideas has continued to the present day. Although many came to America as early as the turn of the century, they were denied citizenship until a congressional act granted it in 1946. Now they are students and teachers in our universities; they are artists and writers, musicians and scientists. Their contributions to industry, commerce, and agriculture have been valuable to America and to the world. Who are these people? They are the East Indians in America. Asian Indians have supplied innumerable contributions to the culture and well being of the United States; the majority of these contributions are geared notably to engineering and the sciences. The reason for immigration in the period from 1830-1890 is quite clear. India was in a great shape. Howeve r when the British took over India, they depleted the country of all her wealth and gave her poor citizens no choice but to leave. The main reason why everybody wants to go to the United States is because if they would go somewhere else, like France or Japan although they would get higher wages, there is much greater chance of getting harassed, arrested or deported in those countries as opposed to the United States (Takai 32). Here in the United States land remained plentiful and cheap. Jobs were abundant and labor was scarce. The United States, in the nineteenth century, remained a strong magnet to immigrants, with offers of jobs and land for farms (Hess 12). The Jews came for religious freedom, Italians and Asians came for work, and the Russians came to escape persecution. America had jobs and religious freedom. Consequently, America was referred to in many countries as the Land of Opportunity. This is land is also often called the melting Pot of the World. This is because it is b elieved that people from all over the world come to the United States and loose their cultural identity and 'melt' into or assimilate into the American culture. However, nowadays, the above is an unfair statement to make. Nowadays with the growing Chinese restaurants, Indian grocery stores, and European languages is school, etc., one can say that individual cultures are trying hard to voice their distinction amongst the overall American culture. One can therefore refer to the United States as the Salad Bowl of the World where every culture has its own flavor, just like in a salad, where every vegetable has its own taste even though it has a common dressing, the American culture. Amongst the Chinese, Japanese, Europeans, etc. and other immigrants, the East Indians represented a big group of those people who wanted to be part of the American culture. The East Indians, who came to America, were mostly spread out in little groups up and down the West Coast (Pavri 56). Their story is an especially important part of the history of Asian Americans, for they were a new kind of immigrant. The large majorities of the first immigrants from India were Punjabis, from a region called the Punjab. Most of these immigrants were young men, between 16 and 35 years old (Daniels 33). Many of them were married; however, they did not bring their wives across the sea with them. Their family and community ties remained strong after they left home; they came to America in small groups of cousins and village neighbors, and these relationships formed a network of interconnections among them in the new country as they lived and worked together. They had many reasons for leaving their homeland. They were being repressed by the British rule and had no land to farm on. To make matters worse, famine devastated India from 1899 to 1902. Thus, large-scale immigration began in 1906, when six hundred Asians applied to enter the United States (Millis 32). These families became the basis for the new East Indian communities. They had come to the United States with high hopes, expecting to make their fortunes, but they discovered that life in America was unexpectedly challenging.

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING for Grant Proposal

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING for Grant Proposal One of the services that our custom essay services company is able to offer is writing different types of papers including grant proposals. If you are determined to get a grant and you strongly believe that you deserve to have instant financial support, writing a good grant proposal is the first step. The grant proposal writing starts with an idea. Then you must find the funding sources and proceed with it. Our college paper writing will help you with that. The funding source can be an organization that is having leading positions on the market and is well managed. The organization will review your grant proposal request and determine whether there is clear understanding of its purpose. Where do you start with your grant proposal? First step is to define the project itself. Then write a concise mission statement that will determine your projects goals. Second is to determine the projects goals that are more broad. While you do that, concentrate on various objectives and write in step-by-step manner how these objectives will be focused on, worked on and achieved. For other grant proposal writing requests, use our professional team of writers who will help you with this assignment.

Life and Works of Burrhus Frederic Skinner Research Paper

Life and Works of Burrhus Frederic Skinner - Research Paper Example His father was a lawyer and his mother stayed at home. Perceptibly, he grew up in an intellectual and conventional household. As a youth, he was described to have difficulties in being socially accepted. One unfortunate event that happened in his life is when his brother died due to cerebral hemorrhage. Unlike any other usual adolescent, he did not actually like participating in the usual college social gatherings. Instead, he was more focused on critiquing authorities. He mainly did this through his journalism. Moreover, he proclaimed himself as a person who does not believe in God in spite of the fact that he was studying in a religiously devout school. After finishing his bachelor’s degree in English Literature, he decided that he would be a writer. He then worked for a newspaper in New York. He did not really become actualized in his first career. Skinner got inspired by the works of Ivan Pavlov and James Watson. Afterwards, he went back to school and got his masters and d octorate in psychology at Harvard. He got married with Yvonne Blue in 1936 and they had two daughters. He then worked at Indiana University’s psychology department. In 1948, his career went back to Harvard until his death in 1990. Works Skinner is known as a psychologist, author, educator, and philosopher. He published many books and journals regarding his theories. He devoted much of his life improving his researches. Lots of his experiments centered on measuring responses to various kinds of stimuli. Until his retirement, he worked on analyzing the human behavior. Skinner became famous for the air crib. It was also known as the baby tender. One of his daughters was raised using this invention. The contraption was made to alleviate Yvonne’s difficulties and worries in caring for their baby. It was fashioned with glass panels as well as with air conditioning. The air crib was invented with the aim to promote the general welfare of infants. In 1994, Skinner was inspired to make this invention when he found out that he would have a second child. In fact, the air crib was commercialized and marketed to around 300 families. It was found to be effective in soothing children and in manipulating the temperature especially during extreme weather. Furthermore, he became known for his book, Walden II. It is about a society run by behavioristic rules (Skinner, 1974). His book talks much about his theory which is called operant conditioning. This simply means that a behavior is affected by the response to that certain behavior. For instance, a child would tend to be obedient when his mother gives him candy as a reward. To concretely illustrate this concept, he devised an experiment. He utilized a special cage well-known as a â€Å"Skinner Box† (Shultz, 2012). It is otherwise called the operant conditioning box. The container has a lever that makes food pellet come out when pressed. The pellet acted as a reinforcing stimulus. When the rat accidentally pushed the bar and food came out, it repeated its behavior. Since the rat got rewarded for pressing the lever, he repeated the same action with the expectancy of having another positive feedback. After some time, the rat kept on pressing the lever until a number of pellets were piled. However, when no food pellet will come out, the rat will learn that its behavior does not result to a reward. Hence, it will learn to stop pushing the lever. Skinner termed this as extinction. Consequently, the rat’s first behavior will resurface if the reward would be returned. In addition, the schedules of reinforcement affect the learning of behavior. In his many experiments, the time and interval of giving rewards influence the rat’