Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1367 Words

Often people put their avaricious ambitions before their morals, which creates fear and leads to everlasting violence ultimately resulting in losing oneself to their own overwhelming madness. This is definitely the case of the character of Macbeth in William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. Macbeth experiences the loss of morality after his unchecked ambition took over. Additionally, Macbeth s fear of losing power initiated an endless amount of murder. Moreover, Macbeth s cruel actions lead him to suffer in an overwhelming guilt as darkness and madness dominated his existence. Shakespeare s use of blood illustrates Macbeth s deep desire for power over honor which initiates his fear of losing his own greedy ambition. After Duncan names†¦show more content†¦Especially, if one commits some atrocity, one will encourage other to do the same. Nevertheless, Macbeth murders Duncan in spite of his doubts, which demonstrates the superiority of Macbeth s avaricious ambitions over the importance of his own morals. Therefore, Macbeth s uncontrollable desire for power and the murder of King Duncan marks the beginning of his tragic downfall, leading to more bloodshed and madness. In addition, Macbeth s ambitions get the best of him as he sacrifices his own morals to achieve his goal of becoming a king. His own loss of humanness is proven as he stated: Come, seeling night, /Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day /And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond/ Which keeps me pale (3. 2. 48-50) Macbeth s fear of losing power dri ves him on planning to kill his own friend Banquo, after he realizes that Banquo can be a barrier between him and the crown to becoming a king of Scotland. Macbeth believes that if Banquo s blood is shed he does not have to worry about his fear of Banquo stealing the throne from him any longer. Therefore, through the representation of blood shows Macbeth s willingness of succeeding his desire for greatness that he chooses his ambition over honor by murdering Banquo. The murder of Banquo demonstrates Macbeth s acceptance of darkness and his inability to consider his conscience before committing a vile action. Moreover, Macbeth falls deeper into retaining his

Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth Free Essays

string(167) " the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density \(37,037 plants/ha\), it delayed the maturity\." Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ) var. Arka Garima K. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now RAVI KUMAR1 AND V. SUDHA VANI2 Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem-534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail : ravikuna4u@gmail. com ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem to study the effect of plant density and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima under irrigated conditions. The study revealed that the crop responded to plant densities as well as phosphorus levels. The biometric characters like number of primary branches per plant (8. 52), pod length (21. 31 cm), pod girth (12. 35 mm), number of pods per plant (37. 02), number of seeds per pod (16. 85), pod weight per plant (10. 93 g) and pod yield per plant (301. 85 g) were higher at lower density plants (37,037 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The growth and yield characters like plant height (52. 47 cm), TDM accumulation (3968. 04 kg/ha), days to flowering (34. 73 days), days to first picking (44. 8 days) and pod yield (152. 87 q//ha) were showed better expression in case of high density planting (74,074 plants/ha) along with 60 kg P2O5/ha. The interaction effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels were significant on plant height, total dry matter accumulation and days to flowering, pod length, pod weight per plant, and yield per plant and pod yield /ha. Key words: Growth, yield, plant densi ty, phosphorus level, vegetable cowpea Cowpea plays a substantial role by serving as a grain and vegetable crop mainly for the rural people in the East, West, South and Central parts of Africa (Mortimore et al. 1997). According to FAO (2007), cowpea is produced annually on 11. 2 mha ranking 3rd after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) with Africa taking the lead followed by Asia. It is extensively grown in South India particularly in the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Cowpea used at all stages of its growth including as a vegetable (Ofori and Stern, 1986). Vegetable cowpea variety Arka Garima is a bushy type. Pods are thick, light green, long, round, stringless and highly fleshy. Yield potential of Arka Garima is 18 t/ha. The optimum plant population is an important parameter for increasing the crop productivity and provides the plant with the best environment to express its capacity fully under the given conditions. The optimum plant density with proper geometry and its planting varied with the agro-climatic conditions and growth habit of the plant. Generally, pulses require phosphorus for their growth and nitrogen fixation. It also enhances the nodulation and pod development consequently pod yield. If the phosphate availability from the soil is limited, the growth and nitrogen fixation are affected (Prasad and Sanoria, 1981). Phosphorus being an essential constituent of cellular proteins and nucleic acids, it encourages the meristematic activity in plants (Black, 1969) and adequate supply of nutrients which might have enhanced the metabolic activity and inturn plant growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem during kharif 2010. The experimental site had red sandy loam with pH 6. 9, EC of 0. 01 dS/m, 0. 34 % organic carbon with 712, 32. 5, 217. 5 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were twelve treatmental combinations comprised of three plant densities (37,037, 55,555 and 74,074 plants/ha) designated as D1, D2 and D3 and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) designated as P0, P1, P2 and P3. The seeds were treated with captan @ 3g/kg seeds before sowing against wilt. The Arka Garima seeds were dibbled on 29-8-2010 at 60 x 45, 60 x 30 and 45 x 30 cm spacings. During the crop period, the total rainfall received was 419. 07 mm. The nitrogen @ 20 kg/ha, potassium @10 kg/ha and phosphorus as per the treatments were applied during the crop period. The metereological data recorded from planting date to harvest are presented below. Table 1: Monthly mean temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall during the growing season of cowpea (Sep-Nov) in 2010 at Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh. Month Mean temperature (? C) Mean Relative Rain fall (mm) humidity (%) _____________________________________________________________________ September 28. 99 77. 96 19. 3 October 28. 84 71. 86 46. 00 November 27. 33 75. 14 38. 60 _____________________________________________________________________ A sample of five plants was taken randomly from two central rows in each experimental plot at different intervals. The growth parameters like plant height, number of primary branches, dry matter accumulation, days to flowering and days to first picking were recorded. Similarly the yield and its attributes were recorded. For estimating total dry matter accumulation, each sample was first air dried and later oven dried at 60? C to constant weight. The sum of dry weights of all plant parts was taken as total dry matter accumulation per plant (g). The data was analyzed by the method of variance outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results revealed that the effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on vegetative growth performance and yield were significant. The plant height increased with increasing plant density and decreased number of primary branches per plant at all sampling occasions. Higher density produced tender and widely spread plants. Significant increase in plant height with high density (74,074 plants/ha) might be due to competition of solar energy coupled with shallow root system. Increased plant density limits the availability of space for plant and hence root configuration affecting the crop growth. Increased plant population increased plant height (Ahmed et al. 2010). The TDM accumulation was higher at a plant density of 74,074 plant/ha. The result might be attributed to optimum use of natural resources, higher uptake of nutrients and more number of plants per unit area. Beneficial effect of optimum density on total dry matter accumulation has also been reported by Dwivedi et al. (1994) in frenchbean. Though the number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant were higher at lower density (37,037 plants/ha), it delayed the maturity. You read "Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth" in category "Essay examples" Higher photosynthesis and higher amount of dry matter assimilation due to higher number of leaves and higher availability of nutrients led to vegetative growth at a longer period and as such the reproductive phase was delayed (Honma and Bert, 1977). The higher pod yield per plant at low plant density (37,037 plants/ha) could be attributed to the significant increase in pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight per plant. These values were significantly lower at higher density (74,074 plants/ha) due to increased competition among the plants for the space, light and nutrients. Increasing population decreased the number of pods per plant. This reduction may be attributed to the interference among branches. The findings are in accord with the previous results reported by Hamad (2004). The variations in number of pods per plant could be attributed to the variations in number of branches per plant. Hence lower plant densities resulted in maximum number of branches per plant and in turn was responsible for more number of fruiting points. Further, less competition for light, moisture and nutrients associated with wider spacing has an edge in producing more reproductive parts compared to high density plants. The plant growth, yield and its attributes were superior with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha. Increase in plant growth might be due to hastened meristematic activity, better root growth and better absorption of nutrients by increased application of P (Philip, 1993). The translocation of photosynthates by the action of P also showed an improvement in various growth parameters (Verma and Saxena, 1995). The infection of Rhizobium bacteria depends on their interception with the root hair. Under adequate phosphate application, nodulation increases due to high bacterial infection on account of properly developed rooting system and increased density of nodule bacteria (Srivastava and Varma, 1985). Increased nodulation implies greater symbiotic fixation of atmospheric N which also helps in cell division and root extension which might have resulted in vigorous plant growth. Similar results were reported by Joseph and Varma (1994) in chickpea. The phosphorus application @ 60 kg/ha showed a significant influence on days to flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to first picking. Influence of P in hastening maturity is well documented. Phosphorus imparts quicker vegetative growth to the plant and entering into the reproductive phase early. The same trend of higher levels of P was also noted by Philip (1993) in cowpea and Bahadur and Singh (1990) in garden pea. The increase in yield attributes might be a direct consequence of growth characters. Adequate supply of P is important in laying down the primordia for the reproductive parts of plants. It is also considered important in the formation of pods and seeds. Being a constituent of protoplasm, which may be responsible for increased length of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and inturn pod yield. These results are in conformity with the finding of Sundara et al. 2004) in pea. The interaction effect of application of 60 kg P2O5/ha and higher plant densities (74,074 plants/ha) produced higher pod yield along with rich protein content. The economic returns were more in case of high density as per the results obtained in the present experiment. It is also suggested that a plant density level D3 (74,074 plants/ha) and a phosphorus level of P3 (60 kg P2O5) was most p rofitable for the cultivation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima under irrigated conditions in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. REFERENCES Ahmed Naim, M. E. and Abdelrhim Jabereldar, A. 2010. Effect of plant density and cultivar on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4: 3148-53. Bahudur, V. and Singh, T. 1990. Yield and growth response of garden pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Vegetable Science, 17 : 205-09. Black, C. A. 1969. Soil plant relationships (2nd Ed. ) John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York, pp. 792. Dwivedi, D. K. , Singh, H. , Shahi, K. M. B. and Rai, J. N. 1994. Response of frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to population densities and nitrogen levels under mid-upland situation in north-east alluvial plains of Bihar. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 581-83. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2007. FAOSTAT http://faostat. fao. org/site/567/default. aspx#ancor. Hamad, M. S. 2004. Effect of planting density on the performance of three cultivars of cowpea. M. Sc. thesis submitted to University of Khartoum, Sudan. Honma, S. and Bert, J. 1977. Growing high density cauliflower. American Vegetable Grower, 25 : 40. Joseph, B. and Varma. 1994. Response of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to jalshakti incorporation and phosphorus and sulphur fertilization. Indian J. Agron. , 39 : 312-14. Mortimore, M. J. , Singh, B. B. , Harris, F. and Blade, S. F. 1997. Cowpea in traditional cropping systems. Advances in Cowpea Research, 8: 99-113. Ofofi, F. and Stern, W. R. 1986. Maize/cowpea intercrops system: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and efficiency. Field Crop Research, 14: 247-61. Panse, V. G. and Sukhatame, P. V. 1985. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Philip, A. 1993. Phosphorus and molybdenum nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ). M. Sc. (Ag. ) Thesis submitted to the Kerala Agricultural University. Srivastava, S. N. L. and Varma, S. C. 1985. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and molybdenum fertilization on growth, nodulation and residual fertility in field pea. Indian J. Agric Res. , 19: 131-37. Sundara, T. H. , Vyakaranahal, B. S. , Shekhargoud, M. , Shishidhara, S. D. and Hosamani, R. M. 2004. Influence of phosphorus and micronutrients on seed yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L. ). Seed Research, 32: 214-16. Verma, V. S. and Saxena, K. K. 1995. Response of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in silty loam soil of central Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. , 40 : 67-71. Table 2 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on plant height, number of primary branches per plant and days to flowering of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Plant height (cm) (At 60 DAS)No. of primary branches (At 45 DAS)Days to flowering (Days) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D145. 6045. 93046. 6748. 8046. 758. 078. 538. 608. 878. 5236. 6736. 0036. 336. 4736. 57 D245. 4047. 4050. 0748. 4047. 828. 008. 338. 138. 338. 2035. 4735. 4035. 3335. 2735. 37 D349. 2052. 6752. 2055. 8052. 477. 477. 808. 078. 077. 8535. 0034. 8034. 6334. 4734. 73 Mean46. 7348. 6749. 6451. 007. 848. 228. 278. 4235. 7135. 4035. 5035. 40 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 110. 310. 060. 18 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 120. 360. 070. 20 D x P0. 230. 680. 21N. S0. 12NS Table 3 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on total dry matter accumulation of vegetable cowpea cv. Arka Garima. Total dry matter accumulation (30 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (60 DAS)Total dry matter accumulation (90 DAS) Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D1163. 50169. 03174. 85180. 38171. 941945. 661974. 371954. 932001. 671969. 16 3788. 403798. 773810. 643867. 503816. 33 D2172. 91187. 81189. 64197. 97187. 081965. 171970. 672016. 332014. 281991. 613874. 413885. 983986. 924096. 853961. 04 D3187. 95200. 96211. 37221. 33205. 401951. 191983. 812107. 322094. 432034. 193722. 813865. 744080. 084203. 513968. 04 Mean174. 79185. 93191. 96199. 891954. 001976. 282026. 192036. 793795. 13850. 173959. 214055. 95 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 591. 7210. 1029. 637. 6022. 30 Phosphorus level (P)0. 681. 9911. 6634. 218. 7825. 75 D x P1. 173. 4420. 2059. 2615. 2044. 60 Table 4 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpe a cv. Arka Garima. Pod length (cm)Pod girth (mm)No. of pods per plant Plant densitiesPhosphorus levels P0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3MeanP0P1P2P3Mean D118. 4721. 8021. 8323. 1321. 3111. 8712. 0012. 2713. 2712. 3515. 1316. 4717. 4718. 3316. 5 D218. 5319. 4020. 6720. 5319. 7811. 3313. 1312. 5312. 0012. 2515. 1316. 0717. 0017. 6716. 47 D316. 8017. 1322. 3322. 2719. 6310. 9311. 2712. 0012. 0711. 5715. 1315. 3316. 0716. 9315. 87 Mean17. 6319. 4421. 6121. 9811. 3812. 1312. 2712. 4415. 1315. 9616. 8417. 64 SourceSEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05)SEm  ±CD (P=0. 05) Plant density (D)0. 120. 340. 220. 650. 120. 36 Phosphorus level (P)0. 130. 390. 260. 750. 140. 42 D x P0. 230. 680. 44NS0. 25NS Table 5 : Effect of plant densities and phosphorus levels on number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod yield per plant of vegetable cowpea How to cite Effect of Plant Densities and Phosphorus Levels on the Growth, Essay examples

Manageemnt Accouting The Knowledge Society

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations. Evaluate the main cost structures of organisations and methods of their calculation. Determine appropriate methods of calculating break-even, profitability and capital input costs. Answer: Introduction The businesses are growing up now days without having any geographical limitation and hence the number of the transaction and its complexity has been increased. In such a competitive environment it is very necessary that the management of the company can access the relevant data for different type of requirement at single request. Such real time access of information can help the management to take the informed decision in day to day business and also for taking some strategic decision. The below reports analyze the importance of the management accounting in VPM Fertilizer Inc , operating in manufacturing of Organic and inorganic chemical manufacturing. The management accounting helps to analyze data in a user requirement format and helps to control cost and management processes. Management Accounting Impotence and relevance It is to be noted that every organization record the transaction on regular basis of its economic transaction. However, it is very necessary that such data are presented and prepared in such a manner that helps the decision taker for taking informed decision. Management accounting helps in generating the periodic reports to different users as per their requirement based on the financial data inputted as source. Such reports can be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly. If we take example for the VMP Fertilizer Inc, the management accounting helps to generate reports for input output ratio for each batches processed for manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate chemical. Such reports are delivered to the Process manager after completion of each batch and are compared with standard input output ratio determines by the management. Same help to report any deviation in the input-output ratio. Following are the major benefit of the management accounting The data are kept in organized manner with real time access It helps the manager to take the timely and informed decision The decision taken on such data are generally accepted by the management The organization can have standard date across the department Helps inn controlling the cost by comparing the actual result by management report Vs. the budget expectation Also one need to note that there is a difference between the Management Accounting and Financial accounting which is sated below Management accountings main purpose is to support as a tool to take the informed decision within the organization , on other hand financial accountings main purpose is to report the end result for particular period The Management Accounting is generally implemented for the benefit within the organization and for management purpose , however the users of the financial data are both within the organization and outside the organization like stakeholders The reporting in the Management accounting are customized according to the management requires and hence it is flexible , on the other hand financial accounting reports are generally governed by the status or reporting laws, IFRS or GAAP Management accounting takes into consideration both past data as well as the future projection based on past data ,in the Financial accounting it represent only past data The Management accounting have varied type of users and hence each report have different format and different users , on the other hand the financial accounting reports remains uniform irrespective of the fact that I can have different users. (Fse.tibiscus, 2016), (Megha M, n.d.) In such competitive environment control over the cost is very necessary. The cost can be classified as Relevant cost, Behavior cost and function based cost. The discussion cost based on relevance Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is defined as cost arises due to not accepting second best alternative for decision making. The opportunity cost is very much important particularly in Capital Budgeting decision. For a example If the VMP Fertilizer Inc invest 1, 00,000 Pound in this business and the interest rate for deposited in banks is 4% , The interest revenue that can be arose by investing in 1,00,000 in bank can be consider as cost only. The cost is not actual cost but is very relevant for raking the investment decision. (Putra D.2016) Suck Cost Such cost is nothing but the cost which is incurred and on which the company does not have any control over it. Such cost is not relevant for taking any future investment decision. For an example the Pressure Vessel purchased by the VMP Fertilizer Inc as a fixed asset is consider as sunk cost only Differential Cost Differential cost is nothing but the difference of cost between two available courses of alternatives. It is to be noted that each alternative has different cost which can be low or high as compared to other alternative. Differential cost helps in considering the exact difference in cost that arises due to selection of particular alternative. For an example if the VMP Fertilizer wants to replace the existing pressure Vessel Machine than it will save the 1000 Pound of maintenance every year. Such saving of cost can be considered as incremental cost for opting exiting machine only. (Putra D.2016) Discussion of cost based on Behavior The cost can fix Variable or Semi variable Fixed costs are those cost which does not change according to change in level of activity. Such fixed cost is bound to be incurred whether any activity carried on by the business or no. For an example the Rent expense for Shed which is abide by the rent agreement for next 5 years. Such rent expense is considered as fixed cost. On other hand variable cost are those cost which varies with the change in level of activity, variable cost are very important to take any business decision. Variable cost does not incur, if the activity level of particular cost driver is zero. For an example the Raw material cost for manufacturing of the Calcium Carbonate can be consider as variable cost for the VMP Fertilizers Inc . As far as Semi variable cost is concern they are of mixed behavior. Such cost is remains fixed for certain level of activity, after that again same cost needs to be incurred to support the activity. For as example the Moulds purchased to preserve the chemical, need to be replaced after certain period of consumption as per user guidelines, such cost of consumables can be consider as a variable cost Classification of the cost by function The cost also can be classified based on the function. The product cost and period cost are the major cost based on functionality. Period cost Period cost is those cost which are incurred other than for manufacturing activity. The cost incurred to promote the product (Marketing cost), the cost of administration. Such cost are generally in nature of Overheads and not traceable for particular product among many. (Swanson L, n.d) Product cost Product costs are those cost which are incurred in the manufacturing of the product. Such cost can either be fixed or variable or Semi variable. The Direct Material cost, Direct Labor cost and manufacturing Overheads are the major product cost. Variance Analysis Variance analysis helps in comparing the actual results of the organization as against the budgeted activity. The variance analysis is considered as one of the major tool to charge control over cost and to take the appropriate action if result out below expected performance. Also it helps in identifying areas that play major roles for non achievement of the targeted profit. There are different types of variance which are discussed as below: Profit Variance The profit variance is nothing but the variance arises in the targeted profit. Such variance can be derived by comparing actual profit against the targeted profit. Sales Variance The Sales variance helps in identifying the variance in profit that arises due to variance in the sales. Such variance can be either due to variance in volume or sales price of the product Price variance = (Actual unit price x Actual Units sold) (Standard Unit price x Actual Units sold) The above formula helps in identifying the variation in the profit due to variation in the sales price of the Unit. The favorable outcome indicates that the organization has sold the unit above the targeted selling price. On the other hand the negative outcomes indicate that organization has gone for lower price. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Volume variance = (Actual Unit Sold Standard Profit) (Budgeted Units Sold x Standard Profit) The above variance helps in identifying the variance of profit arises due to the variance in the targeted sale volume. The favorable result indicates that the company has sold unit above the target and vice versa. Material Variance It is to be noted that for any organization material cost is one of the major cost of total production cost and hence the strong control over it necessary which can be derived by variance analysis only. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Material Price Variance = (Actual Price x Actual Quantity) (Standard Price Actual Quantity) The material price variances help in identifying the variance in the cost that arises due to variance in the price of purchasing the raw material. The Favorable result indicates that that the purchase manager has purchased the material below the target price and negative result indicates that manager has purchased material above the targeted purchase price. Material Usage Variance = (Actual quantity Standard price) (Standard Quantity x Standard price) The material usage variance helps in identifying the variance in the material cost that arises die to variance in the consumption unit of raw material for particular product. If the outcome is favorable that I indicate that the material is used efficiently and if negative result comes than it indicates that the process manager has failed to control the input output ration against the standard ratio compared by the organization. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Labor Variance The Labor cost is second most importance element of cost for manufacturing unit and hence it is very necessary that the actual cost is compared, analyzed and reported against the targeted the Labor cost. Rate Variance = (Actual Rate x Actual Hours) (Standard Rate x Actual Hours) It is to be noted that one of the reason for variance is labor cost is the variance in the labor rate against the targeted pay rate. The favorable result indicates that the rate has been paid lower against the targeted rate pay. In case of negative result, it can be said that the payment to labors are made higher than expected. Labour Efficiency Variance = (Actual hours x Standard Rate) (Standard hours x Standard Rate) The above variances help in identifying the variance in the labor cost due to variance in the targeted efficiency of the labor. If the outcome of the above formula is positive, It indicates that the labors have worked above the targeted efficiency level and vice versa. Overhead variance This variance helps in identifying the variance between the standard overhead as against the actual overhead expense. It helps in controlling and analyzing the operational efficiency and capacity utilization efficiency. Limitations The technique of variance analysis has certain limitation which is as follow: The variance analysis can efficiently be uses in manufacturing industry only It is not helpful in the production foe which no benchmark of standards is available The process of setting standard may be not correct in some case, and hence the whole variance analysis can lead to wrong result The variance analysis requires the management to keep up to date data of manufacturing, which is itself a challenging task. The manager can manipulate the budget to just make their performance better there by affecting the overall efficiency. Operational Budget Operational budget is nothing but projection of various budgets for definite time of span for various department of the organization. There are different types of operational budget which are described below: Profit Budget At this level of budget all the budgeted related to sales and expenditure are got consolidated and budgeted profit figures are arrived Production Budget This budget requires projecting the number of unit that need to be produce for particular period to meet the requirement of the sales. Purchase budget This budget requires projecting the amount of raw material to be purchased to produce the targeted production unit as determined in production budget. Here sales price and quantity both are determined Cash Budget This budget requires projecting the requirement of the case for different department for particular period. Direct Labor The direct labor budget requires the projection of the number of labor hours requires for different category of labor to support the production of the targeted unit Revenue Budget The revenue budget indicates the projected sales unit and projected sales price based on the market analysis. The revenue budget become base for all above budget. Importance The budget helps the manager in tracking and monitoring the cost and revenue and thereby help in optimizing the profit It gives the benchmarks to be followed by the different department which becomes the base for motivation for the employee It fixed the accountability and responsibility on employees for the particular budget or department It helps as controlling tool against the actual performance and hence producer the base control activity Recommendation Conclusion It is to be noted that management accounting is process of reporting budget analysis, variance analysis, cost analysis and many more. However on need to know that the whole management accounting process is nothing but analysis of the data in particular manner and hence it is recommended that the reliability of the source date ensured before carrying out any management accounting reporting. The support from top management requires having a correct result of the management accounting. The management accounting should form part of strategic decision as it helps as best controlling tool for organizational performance analysis. The VMP Fertizers Inc can implement Budget reporting, Cost component reporting and variance reporting in its management system which can help them in controlling different type of activity at different level. References Fse.tibiscus, 2016. Managerial Accounting Vs Financial Accounting In The Knowledge Society [online] Available at: https://fse.tibiscus.ro/anale/Lucrari2010/067.%20Ducu%20Corina.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Fabozzi, F. and Drake, P. 2009. 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